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The term political radicalism (or simply, in political science, radicalism) denotes political principles focused on altering social structures through revolutionary means and changing value systems in fundamental ways. Derived from the Latin ''radix'' (root), the denotation of radical has changed since its eighteenth-century coinage to comprehend the entire political spectrum—yet retains the "change at the root" connotation fundamental to revolutionary societal change. Historically, radicalism has referred exclusively to the radical left (under the single category of far-left politics) and rarely incorporating far-right politics, though these may have revolutionary elements; the prominent exception is in the United States where some consider radicalism to include both political extremes of the radical left and the radical right. In traditional labels of the spectrum of political thought, the opposite of radical on the "right" of the political spectrum is termed ''reactionary''. The nineteenth-century ''Cyclopaedia of Political Science'' (1881, 1889) reports that "radicalism is characterized less by its principles than by the manner of their application".〔''Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States'', 1893, (p. 492, article "Radicalism" ), by Maurice Block〕 Conservatives often used the term ''radical'' pejoratively, whereas contemporary left radicals used the term ''conservative'' derogatorily;〔Mike Sanders (ed.) (2001) "Women and Radicalism in the Nineteenth Century", ISBN 0-415-20526-3, ("General Introduction" )〕 thus contemporary denotations of ''radical'', ''radicalism'', and ''political radicalism'' comprehend far left (hard left, radical left),〔Edward Walter (1992) ''The Rise and Fall of Leftist Radicalism in America'', ISBN 0-275-94276-7〕 and far right (hard right, radical right).〔Gilbert Abcarian (1971) ''American Political Radicalism: Contemporary Issues and Orientations''〕 The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' records the first political usage of ''radical'' as ascribed to the British Whig Party parliamentarian Charles James Fox, who, in 1797, proposed a "radical reform" of the electoral system, franchise to provide universal manhood suffrage, thereby, idiomatically establishing ''radical'' to denote supporters of the reformation of the British Parliament. Throughout the nineteenth century, the term was combined with political notions and doctrines, thus working class radicalism, middle class-, philosophic-, democratic- bourgeois-, Tory-, and plebeian radicalism. In the event, politically influential radical leaders give rise to their own trend of political radicalism, e.g. Spencean radicalism and Carlilean radicalism. Philosophically, the French political scientist Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78), is the principal theoretician proposing ''political radicalism'' as feasible in republican political philosophy, ''viz'' the French Revolution (1789–99), and other modern revolutions—the antithesis to the liberalism of John Locke.〔(Jrank.org )〕 ==See also== *Far-left politics *Radical center (politics) *Radicalism (historical) *Radicalization *Reactionary *Resistance movement *Revolutionary *Saul Alinsky *Structural change *Ultra-leftism *Wingnut (politics) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Political radicalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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